Types, Networking

TYPES OF NETWORKING

Generally, a computer network can be classified into five categories, based on geographical reach, distribution of sources of information / data, data transmission media, the role and relationship of each computer in processing the data, and based on the type of topology is used. Here's the full translation:

Cyber Ethics

CYBER ETHIC'S THEORY

Cyber ​​ethics is an unwritten rule known in the IT world. A values ​​are agreed to be followed in which user interaction technology, particularly information technology. The absence of clear limits physically as well as the extent of the use of IT in various fields make everyone who uses information technology would be expected to comply with the existing cyber ethics.

Cyber ​​ethics bring new opportunities in education, business, government services with their internet presence. Thus developed the netiquette / nettiquette is one of the ethical references in communicating using the Internet, guided by the IETF (the Internet engineering task force), which sets RFC (netiquette guidelies in a request for comments)

Computer Network

The word "computer network" may already be familiar to our ears, considering almost every day we involve the computer network in our work.

The computer network is a system that consists of two or more computers connected to each other through a transmission medium or communication medium that can share data, applications and the sharing of computer hardware.

The term computer network itself can also be interpreted as a collection of a number of communication terminal consisting of two or more computers connected to each other.

Purpose of the Network is to make the information / data that brought the sender (transmitter) can be up to the recipient (receiver) with precise and accurate.

Computer networks allow users to communicate with each other easily.

In addition, the role of computer networks is needed to integrate data between client computers so diperolehlah a relevant data.

CyberSpace

cyberspace

Cyberspace (English: cyberspace) is the electronic media in a computer network that is widely used for communication purposes one way or reciprocal online (connected directly). The virtual world is an integration of various communications technology equipment and computer networks (sensor, transducer, connections, transmissions, processors, signal, controller) that can connect communications equipment (computers, mobile phones, electronic instrumentation, etc.) scattered all over the world interactively.

About Cyber

Cybercrimes is a term that refers to criminal activity with a computer or computer network into a tool, target or scene of the crime. Included into cybercrimes include online auction fraud, check forgery, credit card fraud / carding, confidence fraud, identity fraud, child pornography, etc..

CYBER LAW
Cyber ​​Law is a legal term that is related to the use of information technology. Another term used is the law of Information Technology (Law of Information Techonology) Cyber ​​Law (Virtual World Law) and Law mayantara. The terms of birth because Internet activity and usage of information technology-based virtual. Cyber ​​law terms used in this paper is based on the premise that if the cyber synonymous with "virtual world" will be enough to face problems when associated with the verification and enforcement. Given the law enforcement agencies will face difficulties if it should prove an issue that is assumed to be "virtual", something that is not visible and apparent. On the internet it is cyber law law, the law specifically applies in the cyber world. Broadly cyber law not only covers crimes on the internet, but also the rules that protect the perpetrators of e-commerce, e-learning; holders of copyrights, trade secrets, patents, e-signature; and many more.

Culture, Moral Issue, Law, Benefit, and Connection Internet

Internet Culture

          The number of Internet users is large and growing, has embodied the culture of the Internet. The Internet also has a great influence on science, and world views. With driven Internet search engines such as Google, users worldwide have easy Internet access on a variety of information. Compared with books and libraries, the Internet represents the spread (Decentralization) / knowledge (knowledge) information and data in the extreme. The development of Internet has also influenced the development of the economy. Various sales transaction that previously could only be done by face to face (and some very small by mail or telephone), is now very easy and is often done through the Internet.

          Transactions over the Internet is known as e-commerce. Associated with the government, the Internet also fueled the growth of transparency and accountability of government through e-government as in Sragen which was successfully delivering enhanced areas by utilizing the Internet for transparency in the management of public funds and trimming bureaucracy, so that residents in the stretcher so in a profitable way the civil servants may also be increased kesejahterannya for local income rose sharply.

      Just as a community, the Internet also has a particular order, known as Nettiquette or in Indonesian known as netiquette. For in Indonesia besides social order on the Internet also enacted legislation (UU ITE).

Development and Current Internet

Internet Development

The Internet has made a new revolution in the world of computers and the world of communication has never previously suspected. Some discovery telegraph, telephone, radio, and computers is a series of scientific work that led to the creation of the Internet a more integrated and more capable than those tools. Internet has the ability to broadcast to the whole world, has a mechanism for information dissemination, and as a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without being limited by geography.

The Internet is a most successful examples of businesses that can never stop investment and commitment to research following the development of the information technology infrastructure. Starting with research on packet switching (packet switching), government, industry and the academic community have collaborated strive to change and create this exciting new technology.

The development of intenet history can be divided into four aspects:

LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS ABOUT INTERNET

Years	Events
1957	The Soviet Union (now Russia) launched spacecraft, Sputnik.
1958	In the aftermath of the "defeat" the United States in launching spacecraft, formed an agency within the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which aims to make the United States is able to improve the science and technology of the country. One aim is to computer technology.
1962	J.C.R. Licklider wrote an article about a vision in which computers can be connected to one another globally so that each computer is able to offer access to programs and data. This year also RAND Corporation started risetterhadap this idea (distributed computer networks), which is intended for military purposes.
In the early 1960s	theory of packet-switching can be implemented in the real world.
Mid-1960s	ARPA develop ARPANET to promote the "Cooperative Networking of Time-sharing Computers", with only four hostkomputer which can be connected to tahun1969, the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Santa Barbara, and University of Utah.
1965	The term "Hypertext" issued by Ted Nelson.
1968	Tymnet network were made.
1971	ARPANET network members increased to 23 pieces of computer nodes, consisting of computers to research the United States government and universities.
1972	A working group called denganInternational Network Working Group (INWG) designed to improve computer network technology and also makes standards for computer networks, among them is the Internet. The first speaker of this organization is Vint Cerf, who then called the "Father of the Internet"
1972-1974	Some services commercial databases such as Dialog, SDC Orbit, Lexis, The New York Times databank, and more, register themselves with the ARPANET through dial-up networking.
1973	ARPANET outside the United States: This year, members of the ARPANET grew again with the inclusion of some universities outside the United States yakniUniversity College of London of England and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway.
1974	Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish detailed specification protocol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in the article "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection".
1974	Bolt, Beranet & Newman (BBN), pontraktor for ARPANET, opened a commercial version of ARPANET which they refer to as Telenet, which is the first public packet data service.
1977	Already there are 111 pieces of computers that have been connected to ARPANET.
1978	TCP split into two parts, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP / IP).
1979	Usenet discussion group first created by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis and Steve Bellovin, a graduate of Duke University and the University of North Carolina, United States. After that, the use of Usenet has increased drastically.
In the same year 1979	an emoticon is proposed by Kevin McKenzie.
The early 1980s	personal computer (PC) struck, and a part of many human lives.
This year	recorded ARPANET has a membership of up to 213 hosts connected. Service BITNET (Because It's Time Network) begins, by providing e-mail services, mailing list, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP). CSNET (Computer Science Network) was built this year by scientists and experts in computer science from Purdue University, University of Washington, RAND Corporation and BBN, with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF). This network provides layanane-mail and several other services to scientists without having to access the ARPANET. 1982 The term "Internet" was first used, and TCP / IPdiadopsi as a universal protocol for the network. Name server was developed, allowing the user to connect to a host without having to know the absolute path toward the host. This year there are more than 1000 pieces belonging to an Internet host. Introduced in 1986 the domain name system, now known as DNS (Domain Name System), which serves to uniform naming system on a computer network address.

Internet World History

The Internet is a computer network established by the US Department of Defense on tahun1969, through project ARPAyang disebutARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), where they demonstrated how denganhardwaredan computer software based on UNIX, we can perform communication in an infinite distance through telephone lines , ARPANET project designing a network, reliability, how much information can be moved, and finally all the standards that they set into embryo development of new protocols now known as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

The initial purpose of the construction project was for military purposes. At that time the US Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) to make a computer network system that is spread by linking computers in areas vital to address the problem of a nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which in the event of war can be easily destroyed.

At first ARPANET only connect 4 sites only yaituStanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they formed a unified network in 1969, and in general ARPANET bulanOktober introduced in 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly throughout the region, and all the universities in the country wants to join, thus making it difficult to set the ARPANET.